October 2023 - ROBOPHILOSOPHY

October 21, 2023October 21, 2023

Censorship at DALL-E 3 and Ideogram

A special feature of DALL-E 3 – in the version integrated in ChatGPT Plus – is the translation of the user’s prompt (prompt A) into a prompt of ChatGPT (prompt B), which is listed in each case. Prompt A for the image shown here was “Competition in the sea between two female swimmers with bathing cap, photorealistic”. DALL-E generated three images for this test, each based on prompt B. Prompt B1 read: “Photo of two determined female swimmers in the expansive sea, both wearing bathing caps. Their arms create ripples as they compete fiercely, striving to outpace each other.” Prompt A was obviously continued, but prompt B1 was not accurately executed. Instead of the two female swimmers, there are three. They seem to be closely related – as is often the case with depictions of people from DALL-E 3 – and perhaps they are sisters or triplets. It is also interesting that they are too close to each other (the picture in this post shows a detail). The fourth image was not executed at all, as was the case with a series before. ChatGPT said: “I apologize again, but there were issues generating one of the images based on your description.” Probably ChatGPT generated a prompt B4, which was then denied by DALL-E 3. On the request “Please tell me the prompt generated by ChatGPT that was not executed by DALL-E 3.” comes the answer “I’m sorry for the inconvenience, but I cannot retrieve the exact prompt that was not executed by DALL·E.” … Ideogram censors in a different way. There, the image is created in front of the user’s eyes, and if the AI determines that it contains elements that might be problematic according to its own guidelines, it cancels the creation and advances a tile with a cat. Ethical challenges of image generators are addressed in the article “Image Synthesis from an Ethical Perspective” by Oliver Bendel.

October 21, 2023October 21, 2023

The Chinese Whispers Problem

DALL-E 3 – in the version integrated in ChatGPT Plus – seems to have a Chinese Whispers problem. In a test by Oliver Bendel, the prompt (prompt A) read: “Two female swimmers competing in lake, photorealistic”. ChatGPT, the interface to DALL-E 3, made four prompts out of it ( prompt B1 – B4). Prompt B4 read: “Photo-realistic image of two female swimmers, one with tattoos on her arms and the other with a swim cap, fiercely competing in a lake with lily pads and reeds at the edges. Birds fly overhead, adding to the natural ambiance.” DALL-E 3, on the other hand, turned this prompt into something that had little to do with either this or prompt A. The picture does not show two women, but two men, or a woman and a man with a beard. They do not swim in a race, but argue, standing in a pond or a small lake, furiously waving their arms and going at each other. Water lilies sprawl in front of them, birds flutter above them. Certainly an interesting picture, but produced with such arbitrariness that one wishes for the good old prompt engineering to return (the picture in this post shows a detail). This is exactly what the interface actually wants to replace – but the result is an effect familiar from the Chinese Whispers game.

October 20, 2023October 20, 2023

Moral Issues with Image Generators

The article “Image Synthesis from an Ethical Perspective” by Prof. Dr. Oliver Bendel was submitted on 18 April and accepted on 8 September 2023. It was published on 27 September 2023. From the abstract: “Generative AI has gained a lot of attention in society, business, and science. This trend has increased since 2018, and the big breakthrough came in 2022. In particular, AI-based text and image generators are now widely used. This raises a variety of ethical issues. The present paper first gives an introduction to generative AI and then to applied ethics in this context. Three specific image generators are presented: DALL-E 2, Stable Diffusion, and Midjourney. The author goes into technical details and basic principles, and compares their similarities and differences. This is followed by an ethical discussion. The paper addresses not only risks, but opportunities for generative AI. A summary with an outlook rounds off the article.” The article was published in the long-established and renowned journal AI & Society and can be downloaded here.

October 19, 2023October 19, 2023

Autonomously Attacking Drones

On October 17, 2023, Forbes magazine’s senior contributor David Hambling reported a significant advance in Ukraine’s autonomous warfare capacities. Ukrainian developers confirmed their drones, namely Saker Scout, were autonomously striking Russian forces, marking the first acknowledged use of such technology. These drones can identify and target up to 64 types of Russian military objects, remaining operational even in areas of radio jamming. Developed and put into service by Saker, a company initially established for AI applications in small businesses, these quadcopters can carry three kilos of bombs to a 12-kilometre range. Saker’s machine learning-based system is continually evolving and operational updates cater to the detection of new, specific objects or vehicles. Complemented with visual navigation using ground landmarks, the drones can function even without GPS. While the talk of banning ‘killer robot’ type technology continues, there is yet no international agreement. Paul Scharre, Director of Studies at the Centre for a New American Security, aptly said, “The pace of technology far outstrips the pace of diplomacy.” (Forbes, 17 October 2023)

October 19, 2023November 3, 2023

On Beauty

On 17 October 2023, Oliver Bendel published a little book entitled “ON BEAUTY” in which he posed 26 questions about beauty to GPT-4. The language model’s answers show the direction in which it has developed. They reveal much of the world knowledge it has accumulated. But they are also unassailable and quite general. To some questions that are not usually asked, it has downright woke answers. Only questions about the measurability of beauty or the connection between beauty and evolution elicit some concessions from the chatbot and text generator. Questions and answers are illustrated with images generated by DALL-E 3. They show beautiful people, beautiful animals, beautiful things, beautiful landscapes. Some are highly expressive art, others are kitsch. Like its predecessor “ARTIFACTS WITH HANDCAPS” (24 September 2023), this little book can be downloaded for free. Oliver Bendel has been writing experimental literature for 40 years, from concrete poetry and mobile phone novels to poems in the form of 2D and 3D codes and AI-generated texts. He has toured the Netherlands with his mobile phone novels and poems on behalf of two Goethe Institutes. The standard reference “Die Struktur der modernen Literatur” (Mario Andreotti) devotes two pages to his work (Photo: DALL-E 3).

October 7, 2023October 7, 2023

Ghost Stories in Venice

The Turkish Pavilion at the 2023 Venice Architecture Biennale (Biennale Architettura 2023) is still a magnet for many spectators in October. It has hung a series of cloud-like fabrics that reflect the many abandoned buildings in Turkey and explore possible new ways of transformation in the face of the country’s catastrophic earthquakes. The exhibition entitled “Ghost Stories: The Carrier Bag Theory of Architecture” is curated by Sevince Bayrak and Oral Göktaş. It seeks new ways of transformation through the use of new technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning. The World Architecture plattform (worldarchitecture.org) writes: “Using AI as a tool, trained in their architectural vocabulary, Bayrak and Göktaş have realised new hopeful visions for each of the uninhabited buildings, showing how people can repopulate and repurpose these spaces for the benefit of the community.” (World Architecture, 9 June 2023) Artificial intelligence is becoming increasingly important for architecture. With DALL-E 3 and other image generators, one can represent houses and design city views, in the form of photorealistic, colorful views or of white models that reduce complexity. The Venice Architecture Biennale will run until 26 November 2023. Further information is available at www.labiennale.org/en/architecture/2023.

October 1, 2023October 1, 2023

Maybe Not Safe

Ideogram seemed to start as a rather free and permissive image generator in August 2023. In the meantime, a noticeable number of images are censored. It is not the prompt that matters, but the image itself. If the platform detects during generation that the image might be problematic, it is not finished, but replaced by a tile with a cat holding a sign in its paws that says “MAYBE NOT SAFE”. A prompt read: “The sculpture Galatea, resembling the beautiful Aphrodite, creates itself, photo, film”. So, the sculpture of Pygmalion was to empower itself. The four images, two of which showed breasts, were seen by the user and also by the platform itself, apparently resulting in the images being transformed into the said warnings before they were completed. On the other hand, photorealistic images of women in revealing poses remain unproblematic, as long as they are wearing bikinis or hotpants. As with other American platforms, the problem here seems to be the visibility of nipples, whether human or sculptural. In another experiment, in one of the four pictures, the nipples were visible until they disappeared under the cat’s fur. In another sculpture, Ideogram itself had covered the nipples, one with her hand, the other with a piece of clay or stone jewellery. This Galatea was spared the fate of her sister.